Test Id : NIU
Nickel, 24 Hour, Urine
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Preferred test for biomonitoring patients for nickel exposure to minimize any potential diurnal variation
Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test
Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
Ni (Nickel)
Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing
Urine
Ordering Guidance
This test is preferred for the determination of nickel exposure, but serum concentrations can be used to verify an elevated urine concentration. For more information see NIS / Nickel, Serum.
Necessary Information
24-Hour volume (in milliliters) is required.
ORDER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| Question ID | Description | Answers |
|---|---|---|
| TM18 | Collection Duration (h) | |
| VL30 | Volume (mL) |
Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing
Patient Preparation: High concentrations of gadolinium and iodine are known to potentially interfere with most inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-based metal tests. If either gadolinium- or iodine-containing contrast media has been administered, a specimen should not be collected for 96 hours.
Supplies: Urine Tubes, 10 mL (T068)
Collection Container/Tube: Clean, plastic aliquot container with no metal cap or glued insert
Submission Container/Tube: Plastic, 10-mL urine tube
Specimen Volume: 0.5 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Collect urine for 24 hours.
2. Refrigerate specimen within 4 hours of completion of 24-hour collection.
See Metals Analysis Specimen Collection and Transport for complete instructions.
Additional Information: See Urine Preservatives-Collection and Transportation for 24-Hour Urine Specimens for multiple collections.
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test
Urine Preservative Collection Options
Note: The addition of preservative or application of temperature controls must occur within 4 hours of completion of the collection.
| Ambient (no additive) | OK |
| Refrigerate (no additive) | Preferred |
| Frozen (no additive) | OK |
| 50% Acetic Acid | OK |
| Boric Acid | No |
| Diazolidinyl Urea | No |
| 6M Hydrochloric Acid | No |
| 6M Nitric Acid | OK |
| Sodium Carbonate | No |
| Thymol | No |
| Toluene | No |
Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the testing laboratory. The minimum volume is sufficient for one attempt at testing.
0.3 mL
Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected
Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urine | Refrigerated (preferred) | 28 days | |
| Ambient | 28 days | ||
| Frozen | 28 days |
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Preferred test for biomonitoring patients for nickel exposure to minimize any potential diurnal variation
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Nickel (Ni) is a highly abundant element with a silvery-white appearance. Nickel is frequently combined with other metals to form alloys and is essential for the catalytic activity of some plant and bacterial enzymes (including in several pathogenic and symbiotic species in humans) but has no known role in humans. Most nickel is used to make stainless steel.
Nickel and its compounds have no characteristic odor or taste. Ni compounds are used for Ni plating, to color ceramics, to make some batteries, and as catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions. One of the most toxic nickel compounds is nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4, which is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining and in the plastics industry, is frequently employed in the production of metal alloys (which are popular for their anticorrosive and hardness properties), in nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries, and is used as a catalyst in hydrogenation of oils. Ni(CO)4 is very toxic and is lipid-soluble, allowing it to cross cell membranes.
Occupational exposure to Ni occurs primarily via inhalation of Ni compounds. Inhalation of dust high in Ni content has been associated with development of lung and nasal cancer.
Food is the major source of exposure to Ni. Foods naturally high in Ni concentrations include chocolate, soybeans, nuts, and oatmeal. Individuals may also be exposed to Ni by breathing air, drinking water, or smoking tobacco containing Ni. Stainless steel and coins contain Ni. Some jewelry is plated with Ni or made from Ni alloys. Patients may be exposed to Ni in implanted devices including joint prostheses, sutures, clips, and screws made from Ni-containing alloys.
The most common harmful health effect of Ni in humans is an allergic reaction. Approximately 10% to 20% of the population is sensitive to Ni. The most serious harmful health effects from exposure to Ni, such as chronic bronchitis, reduced lung function, and cancer of the lung and nasal sinus, have occurred in people who have breathed dust containing certain Ni compounds while working in Ni refineries or nickel-processing plants.
Urine is the specimen of choice for the determination of Ni exposure, but serum concentrations can be used to verify an elevated urine concentration.
Patients undergoing dialysis are exposed to Ni and accumulate Ni in blood and other organs; there appear to be no adverse health effects from this exposure. Hypernickelemia has been observed in patients undergoing kidney dialysis. At the present time, this is considered to be an incidental finding as no correlation with toxic events has been identified. Routine monitoring of patients undergoing dialysis is currently not recommended.
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
0-17 years: Not established
> or =18 years: <6.0 mcg/24h
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Values of 6.0 mcg/24-hour specimen and higher represent possible environmental or occupational exposure.
Hypernickelemia, in the absence of exposure, may be an incidental finding or could be due to specimen contamination.
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Specimen collection procedures for nickel (Ni) require special collection containers, rigorous attention to ultraclean specimen collection and handling procedures, and analysis in an ultraclean facility. Unless all these procedures are followed, increased urinary Ni results may be an incidental and misleading finding.
This test cannot determine the source compound (eg, Ni sulfate) responsible for the exposure.
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Moreno ME, Acosta-Saavedra LC, Mez-Figueroa D, et al. Biomonitoring of metal in children living in a mine tailings zone in Southern Mexico: A pilot study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2010;213(4):252-258. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.03.005
2. Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Heudorf U, Wilhelm M. Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency: Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German Environmental Survey on Children 2003-2006 (GerES IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212(6):637-647. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.05.003
3. US Department of Health and Human Services: Toxicological profile for nickel. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2005. Accessed March 2020. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp15.pdf
4. Rifai N, Horvath AR, Wittwer CT, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2018
5. Zambelli B, Ciurli S. Nickel and human health. In: Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel R, eds. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Springer; 2013:321-357. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol 13
Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
The metal of interest is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.(Unpublished Mayo method)
PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information
Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.
Thursday
Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.
Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test
Fees :
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.
- Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
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- Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.
Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.
CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.
83885
LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.
| Test Id | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| NIU | Nickel, 24 Hr, U | 5705-9 |
| Result Id | Test Result Name |
Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
|
|---|---|---|
| 8626 | Nickel, 24 Hr, U | 5705-9 |
| TM18 | Collection Duration (h) | 13362-9 |
| VL30 | Volume (mL) | 3167-4 |