Test Id : MLH1

For the initial technical component only immunohistochemical (IHC) stain performed, the appropriate bill-only test ID will be reflexed and charged (IHTOI). For each additional technical component only IHC stain performed, an additional bill-only test ID will be reflexed and charged (IHTOA).

This test includes only technical performance of the stain (no pathologist interpretation is performed).

This test can be ordered to help identify the responsible gene in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) within the tumor tissue. For testing to help distinguish between a sporadic and germline etiology, order ML1HM / MLH1 Hypermethylation Analysis, Tumor.

For immunostain detection of MSH2 protein without interpretation, order MSH2 / MSH2 Immunostain, Technical Component Only.

For immunostain detection of MSH6 protein without interpretation, order MSH6 / MSH6 Immunostain, Technical Component Only.

For immunostain detection of PMS2 protein without interpretation, order PMS2 / PMS2 Immunostain, Technical Component Only.

For immuno stain detection of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 for miscellaneous tumors without interpretation, order IHC / Mismatch Repair (MMR) Protein Immunohistochemistry Only, Tumor.

For interpretation and diagnosis of submitted pathology specimens with appropriate additional stains and other ancillary testing, order PATHC / Pathology Consultation.

Additional material may be needed if alternative testing is requested. See the specific specimen requirements for the alternative requested testing.

Attach the green "Attention Pathology" address label (T498) and the pink Immunostain Technical Only label included in the kit to the outside of the transport container.

If sending normal and tumor blocks; indicate the block number to be stained in performing lab notes (electronic orders) or on the enclosed paperwork (manual orders).

Specimen Type: Tissue

Supplies: Immunostain Technical Only Envelope (T693)

Container/Tube: Immunostain Technical Only Envelope

Submit:

-Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue block

OR

-2 Unstained, positively charged glass slides (25- x 75- x 1-mm) per test ordered; sections 4-microns thick

1. Information on accessing digital images of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains and the manual requisition form can be accessed through this website: https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/pathology/digital-imaging/

2. Clients ordering stains using a manual requisition form will not have access to digital images.

3. Clients wishing to access digital images must place the order for IHC stains electronically. Information regarding digital imaging can be accessed through this website: https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/pathology/digital-imaging/#section3

If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Immunohistochemical (IHC)/In Situ Hybridization (ISH) Stains Request (T763) with the specimen.

Evaluation of tumor tissue to identify patients at high risk for having hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, also known as Lynch syndrome

Evaluation of tumor tissue to identify patients at risk for having hereditary endometrial carcinoma

For the initial technical component only immunohistochemical (IHC) stain performed, the appropriate bill-only test ID will be reflexed and charged (IHTOI). For each additional technical component only IHC stain performed, an additional bill-only test ID will be reflexed and charged (IHTOA).

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome associated with germline variants in the mismatch repair genes: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2.

Lynch syndrome is predominantly characterized by significantly increased risks for colorectal and endometrial cancer. The lifetime risk for colorectal cancer is highly variable and dependent on the gene involved. The risk for colorectal cancer associated MLH1 and MSH2 variants (approximately 50%-80%) is generally higher than the risks associated with variants in the other Lynch syndrome-related genes and the lifetime risk for endometrial cancer (approximately 25%-60%) is also highly variable. Other malignancies within the tumor spectrum include sebaceous neoplasms, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatobiliary and urinary tract carcinomas, and small bowel cancer. The lifetime risks for these cancers are less than 15%. Of the 4 mismatch repair genes, variants within the PMS2 gene confer the lowest risk for any of the tumors within the Lynch syndrome spectrum.

Several clinical variants of Lynch syndrome have been defined. These include Turcot syndrome, Muir-Torre syndrome, and homozygous mismatch repair mutations (also called constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome). Turcot syndrome and Muir-Torre syndrome are associated with increased risks for cancers within the tumor spectrum described but also include brain and central nervous system malignancies and sebaceous carcinomas, respectively. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mismatch repair mutations, characterized by the presence of biallelic deleterious mutations within a mismatch repair gene, are associated with a different clinical phenotype defined by hematologic and brain cancers, cafe au lait macules, and childhood colon or small bowel cancer.

There are several strategies for evaluating individuals whose personal or family history of cancer is suggestive of Lynch syndrome. Testing tumors from individuals at risk for Lynch syndrome for microsatellite instability (MSI) indicates the presence or absence of defective DNA mismatch repair phenotype within the tumor but does not suggest in which gene the abnormality rests. Tumors from individuals affected by Lynch syndrome usually demonstrate an MSI-H phenotype (MSI >30% of microsatellites examined). The MSI-H phenotype can also be seen in individuals whose tumors have somatic MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. Tumors from individuals that show the MSS/MSI-L phenotype (MSI at <30% of microsatellites examined), are not likely to have Lynch syndrome or somatic hypermethylation of MLH1. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a complementary testing strategy to MSI testing. In addition to identifying tumors with defective DNA mismatch repair, IHC analysis is helpful for identifying the gene responsible for the defective DNA mismatch repair within the tumor, because the majority of MSI-H tumors show a loss of expression of at least 1 of the 4 mismatch repair genes described above.

Testing is typically first performed on the tumor of an affected individual and in the context of other risk factors, such as young age at diagnosis or a strong family history of Lynch syndrome-related cancers. If defective DNA mismatch repair is identified within the tumor, mutation analysis of the associated gene can be performed to identify the causative germline variant and allow for predictive testing of at-risk individuals.

Of note, MSI-H phenotypes and loss of protein expression by IHC have also been demonstrated in various sporadic cancers, including those of the colon and endometrium. Absence of MLH1 and PMS2 protein expression within a tumor, for instance, is most often associated with a somatic alteration in individuals with an older age of onset of cancer than typical Lynch syndrome families. Therefore, an MSI-H phenotype or loss of protein expression by IHC within a tumor does not distinguish between somatic mutations and germline variants. Genetic testing of the gene indicated by IHC analysis can help to distinguish between these 2 possibilities. In addition, when absence of MLH1/PMS2 is observed, BRMLH / MLH1 Hypermethylation and BRAF Mutation Analyses, Tumor or ML1HM / MLH1 Hypermethylation Analysis, Tumor may also help to distinguish between a sporadic and germline etiology.

It should be noted that this Lynch syndrome screen is not a genetic test but rather stratifies the risk of having an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome and identifies patients who might benefit from subsequent genetic testing.

This test does not include pathologist interpretation, only technical performance of the stain.

The positive and negative controls are verified as showing appropriate immunoreactivity.

Interpretation of this test should be performed in the context of the patient's clinical history and other diagnostic tests by a qualified pathologist.

Age of a cut paraffin section can affect immunoreactivity. Stability thresholds vary widely among published literature and are antigen dependent. Best practice is for paraffin sections to be cut within 6 weeks.

The charge of glass slides can be affected by environmental factors and subsequently may alter slide staining. Sending unsuitable glass slides can result in inconsistent staining due to poor slide surface chemistry.

Best practices for storage of positively charged slides:

-Minimize time slides are stored after being unpackaged

-Limit exposure to high humidity and heat

-Minimize exposure to plastics

1. Burgart LJ. Testing for defective DNA mismatch repair in colorectal carcinoma: a practical guide. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129(11):1385-1389

2. Klarskov L, Ladelund S, Holck S, et al. Interobserver variability in the evaluation of mismatch repair protein immunostaining. Hum Pathol. 2010;41(10):1387-1396

3. Lanza G, Gafa R, Maestri I, Santini A, Matteuzzi M, Cavazzini L. Immunohistochemical pattern of MLH1/MSH2 expression is related to clinical and pathological features in colorectal adenocarcinomas with microsatellite instability. Mod Pathol. 2002;15(7):741-749

4. Modica I, Soslow RA, Black D, Tornos C, Kauff N, Shia J. Utility of immunohistochemistry in predicting microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(5):744-751

5. Mojtahed A, Schrijver I, Ford JM, Longacre TA, Pai RK. A two-antibody mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry screening approach for colorectal carcinomas, skin sebaceous tumors, and gynecologic tract carcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(7):1004-1014

6. Rigau V, Sebbagh N, Olschwang S, et al. Microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinoma. The comparison of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology suggests a role for hMLH6 [correction of hMLH6] immunostaining. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127(6):694-700

7. Shia J. Immunohistochemistry versus microsatellite instability testing for screening colorectal cancer patients at risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Part I. The utility of immunohistochemistry. J Mol Diagn. 2008;10(4):293-300

8. Magaki S, Hojat SA, Wei B, So A, Yong WH. An introduction to the performance of immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1897:289-298. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8935-5_25

Immunohistochemistry on sections of paraffin-embedded tissue.(Unpublished Mayo method)

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This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

88342-TC, primary

88341-TC, if additional IHC