Test Catalog

Test Id : C9ORF

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C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat, Molecular Analysis, Varies

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Overview

Test Catalog

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Molecular confirmation of clinically suspected cases of c9FTD/ALS, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

 

Presymptomatic testing for individuals with a family history of c9FTD/ALS and a documented expansion in the C9orf72 gene

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.

Yes

Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test

C9orf72, Molecular Analysis

Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching

Hexanucleotide repeat expansion

ALS

FTD

C9OR

c9ALS/FTD

G4C2 Expansion

Frontotemporal dementia

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing

Varies

Shipping Instructions

Specimen preferred to arrive within 96 hours of collection.

Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing

Patient Preparation: A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. Call 800-533-1710 for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.

Specimen Type: Whole blood

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA) or yellow top (ACD)

Acceptable: Any anticoagulant

Specimen Volume: 3 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. Invert several times to mix blood.

2. Send specimen in original tube.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Forms

1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available:

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (Spanish) (T826)

2. Molecular Genetics: Neurology Patient Information

3. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Neurology Specialty Testing Client Test Request (T732) with the specimen.

Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the Testing Laboratory

1 mL

Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected

All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Varies Ambient (preferred)
Frozen
Refrigerated

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Molecular confirmation of clinically suspected cases of c9FTD/ALS, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

 

Presymptomatic testing for individuals with a family history of c9FTD/ALS and a documented expansion in the C9orf72 gene

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the upper and lower motor neurons. The disease is characterized by progressive spasticity, muscle wasting and paralysis, typically leading to death from respiratory failure.

 

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a dementia syndrome that predominantly involves the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Clinical presentation is variable and includes progressive changes in behavior and personality and language disturbances. Affected individuals may also exhibit extrapyramidal signs.

 

ALS and FTD are now thought to represent an overlapping spectrum of disease. Recent literature has found that approximately 40% of familial ALS, 25% of familial FTD, and 90% of familial ALS/FTD cases have a large hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) expansion in a noncoding region of C9orf72. At lower frequency, C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions have also been observed in individuals with sporadic ALS, FTD, and ALS/FTD. The vast majority of individuals affected with a C9orf72-related disorder (c9ALS, c9FTD, or c9ALS/FTD) have hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the hundreds to thousands, while unaffected individuals have repeat sizes less than 20. The significance of repeat sizes between 20 and 100 repeats is currently unclear as both healthy controls and individuals with ALS and/or FTD phenotypes have been reported with repeat sizes in this range.

Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.

Normal alleles (reference):<20 GGGGCC repeats

Indeterminate alleles: 20-100 GGGGCC repeats

Pathogenic alleles: >100* GGGGCC repeats

 

*The exact cutoff for pathogenicity is currently undefined. Although additional studies are needed to confirm if 100 repeats is the cutoff for pathogenicity, most individuals affected with a C9orf72-related disorder have C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions with hundreds to thousands of repeats.

 

An interpretive report will be provided.

Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results

An interpretive report will be provided.

Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances

For predictive testing, it is important to first document the presence of the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene in an affected family member to confirm that the repeat expansion is the underlying mechanism of disease in the family.

 

It is strongly recommended that patients undergoing predictive testing receive genetic counseling both prior to testing and after results are available.

 

Predictive testing of an asymptomatic child is not recommended.

 

Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Errors in our interpretation of results may occur if information given is inaccurate or incomplete.

 

Due to somatic mosaicism, repeat size identified in the peripheral blood specimen may not reflect the repeat size in untested tissues (eg, central nervous system). In addition, a negative result does not rule out the presence of a mutation in the mosaic state that may be present but below the limit of detection of this assay (approximately 5%).

 

Rare sequence variants immediately downstream of the C9orf72 repeat region may interfere with genotype results but are not expected to affect repeat-primed peaks.

 

Rare undocumented variants (ie, polymorphisms) in the polymerase chain reaction primer binding regions may lead to false negative results.

 

This test does not assess methylation status of the C9orf72 gene.

Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature

1. DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, et al: Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):245-256

2. Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A, et al: A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):257-268

3. Gijselinck I, Van Langenhove T, van der Zee J, et al: A C9orf72 promoter repeat expansion in a Flanders-Belgian cohort with disorders of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spectrum: a gene identification study. Lancet Neuron. 2012 Jan;11(1):54-65

4. Majounie E, Renton AE, Mok K, et al: Frequency of the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Apr;11(4):323-330

5. Boeve BF, Boylan KB, Graff-Radford NR, et al: Characterization of frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with the GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9ORF72. Brain. 2012 Mar;135(Pt 3):765-783

6. van Blitterswijk M, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Niemantsverdriet E, et al: Association between repeat sizes and clinical and pathological characteristics in carriers of C9ORF72 repeat expansions (Xpansize-72): a cross-sectional cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Oct;12(10):978-988

7. Nordin A, Akimoto C, Wuolikainen A, et al: Extensive size variability of the GGGGCC expansion in C9orf72 in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues in 18 patients with ALS or FTD. Hum Mol Genet. 2015 Jun 1;24(11):3133-3142

8. Xi Z, van Blitterswijk M, Zhang M, et al: Jump from pre-mutation to pathologic expansion in C9orf72. Am J Hum Genet. 2015 Jun 4;96(6):962-970

9. Gami P, Murray C, Schottlaender L, et al: A 30-unit hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 induces pathological lesions with dipeptide-repeat proteins and RNA foci, but not TDP-43 inclusions and clinical disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2015 Oct;130(4):599-601

10. Ng ASL, Tan EK: Intermediate C9orf72 alleles in neurological disorders: does size really matter? J Med Genet. 2017 Sep;54(9):591-597

11. Nordin A, Akimoto C, Wuolikainen A, et al: Sequence variations in C9orf72 downstream of the hexanucleotide repeat region and its effect on repeat-primed PCR interpretation: a large multinational screening study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2017 May;18(3-4):256-264

12. Van Mossevelde S, van der Zee J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven: Relationship between C9orf72 repeat size and clinical phenotype. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2017 Jun;44:117-124

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference

A combined amplicon-length and repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction-based assay is utilized to size alleles up to approximately 145 repeats and detect expansions of GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat region in the C9orf72 gene.(Ida CM, Lundquist PA, Bram E, et al: Evaluation of Single-tube Combined Amplicon-length and Repeat-primed Long-read PCR Assay for Clinical Detection and Characterization of C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion. Abstract 731. 2017 ACMG Annual Clinical Genetics Meeting. Phoenix, AZ, March 23, 2017.)

PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information

No

Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.

Tuesday

Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.

21 to 28 days

Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded

Whole Blood: 2 weeks (if available); Extracted DNA: 3 months

Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test

Rochester

Fees
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.

  • Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
  • Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • Prospective clients should contact their Regional Manager. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.

This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.

CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.

81479

 

LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.

Test Id Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
C9ORF C9orf72, Molecular Analysis 81846-8
Result Id Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
52852 Result Summary 50397-9
52853 Result 77635-1
52854 Interpretation 69047-9
52855 Reason for Referral 42349-1
52856 Specimen 31208-2
52857 Source 31208-2
52858 Released By 18771-6
55158 Method 85069-3

Test Setup Resources

Setup Files
Test setup information contains test file definition details to support order and result interfacing between Mayo Clinic Laboratories and your Laboratory Information System.

Excel | Pdf

Sample Reports
Normal and Abnormal sample reports are provided as references for report appearance.

Normal Reports | Abnormal Reports

SI Sample Reports
International System (SI) of Unit reports are provided for a limited number of tests. These reports are intended for international account use and are only available through MayoLINK accounts that have been defined to receive them.

SI Normal Reports | SI Abnormal Reports