Aiding in the diagnosis of adenovirus infections
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)/DNA Probe Hybridization
ADV (Adenovirus)
Varies
Specimen source is required.
Question ID | Description | Answers |
---|---|---|
SRC65 | Specimen Source |
Submit only 1 of the following specimens:
Specimen Type: Body fluid
Sources: Pleural, peritoneal, ascites, pericardial, or amniotic
Container/Tube: Sterile container
Specimen Volume: 0.5 mL
Collection Instructions: Do not centrifuge.
Specimen Type: Respiratory
Sources: Bronchial washing, bronchoalveolar lavage, nasopharyngeal aspirate or washing, sputum, or tracheal aspirate
Container/Tube: Sterile container
Specimen Volume: 1 mL
Specimen Type: Spinal fluid
Container/Tube: Sterile vial
Specimen Volume: 0.5 mL
Collection Instructions: Do not centrifuge.
Specimen Type: Stool
Supplies: Stool Collection Kit, Random (T635)
Container/Tube: Sterile container
Specimen Volume: 1 g
Specimen Type: Swab
Supplies:
-M4-RT (T605)
-Bartels FlexTrans VTM-3 mL (T892)
-Jiangsu VTM-3 mL (T891)
Sources: Nasal, throat, respiratory, genital, or ocular
Container/Tube: Multimicrobe media (M4-RT) and Eswabs
Collection Instructions: Place swab back into a multimicrobe media (M4-RT, M4, or M5).
Specimen Type: Tissue
Supplies:
-M4-RT (T605)
-Bartels FlexTrans VTM-3 mL (T892)
-Jiangsu VTM-3 mL (T891)
Container/Tube: Sterile container containing 1 mL to 2 mL of sterile saline or multimicrobe medium (M4-RT, M4, or M5)
Specimen Volume: Entire collection
Collection Instructions: Collect fresh tissue specimen.
Specimen Type: Urine
Container/Tube: Sterile container
Specimen Volume: 1 mL
Collection Instructions: Collect a random urine specimen.
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Microbiology Test Request (T244) with the specimen.
Body Fluid, Respiratory Specimen, Spinal Fluid, or Urine: 0.3 mL
Stool: 0.5 g
Swab or Tissue: NA
Other | Calcium alginate-tipped swab Wood swab Transport swab containing gel |
Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
---|---|---|---|
Varies | Refrigerated (preferred) | 7 days | |
Frozen | 7 days |
Aiding in the diagnosis of adenovirus infections
Human adenoviruses cause a variety of diseases including pneumonia, cystitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, hepatitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. In humans, adenoviruses have been recovered from almost every organ system. Infections can occur at any time of the year and in all age groups. Currently, there are 57 adenovirus serotypes that have been grouped into 6 separate subgenera.
Culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis for adenovirus infection. However, it can take up to 3 weeks to achieve culture results (Mayo Clinic's shell vial culture provides more rapid results, reported at 2 and 5 days). Serological tests have faster turnaround times, but can be less sensitive compared to culture. PCR offers a rapid, specific, and sensitive means of diagnosis by detecting adenovirus DNA.
Negative
A positive result indicates the presence of adenovirus DNA in the clinical sample.
A negative result does not rule out the presence of adenovirus because viral DNA may be present at levels below the detection limits of this assay.
Test results should be used as an aid in diagnosis and should not be considered diagnostic in themselves.
Although the reference range is generally considered to be "Negative" for this assay, adenovirus DNA may be detected from asymptomatic individuals in certain settings. This assay should only be used to test patients with clinical history and symptoms consistent with adenovirus disease, and is not used to screen healthy patients.
The following support the use of this assay for clinical testing.
Accuracy/Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity:
A study of 715 clinical specimens compared shell vial culture and this PCR assay. Included in the study were 286 swab specimens (nasal, throat, rectal, skin), 49 eye specimens, 221 respiratory specimens (bronchial washings, sputa, bronchioalveolar lavage, tracheal secretions), 55 fresh tissue specimens, 72 stools, and 27 body fluids/other specimens. Specimens were inoculated into culture tubes and examined for cytopathic effects over a period of 14 days, and subsequently assayed with this LightCycler assay. Comparison of cell culture with LC PCR yielded the following: total specimens positive by LC PCR was 60 (stool=9; respiratory=4; tissue=4; swabs=24; eye specimens=14; and urine=4) and total specimens by culture were 52 (stool=8; respiratory=3; tissue=3; swabs=23; eye specimens=13; and urine=2). Of the 60 total positive specimens, PCR produced a 13.5% increased rate of detection of adenovirus compared with culture. This assay detected all 57 serotypes of adenovirus tested.
Supplemental Data (Spiking Studies):
To supplement the above data, 30 negative specimens of various types (CSF, ocular, respiratory, stool, urine, and plasma) were spiked with adenovirus positive control plasmid at the limit of detection (approximately 10 targets/microliter). The 30 spiked specimens were run in a blinded manner with 30 negative (nonspiked) specimens. One hundred percent of the spiked specimens were positive and 100% of the nonspiked specimens were negative.
Analytical Sensitivity/Limit of Detection (LoD):
The LoD of this assay is 10 targets per microliter in specimen matrix.
Analytical Specificity:
No PCR signal was obtained from extracts of 150 bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal isolates that could cause similar disease or could be found as normal flora in sites normally tested for this organism.
Precision:
Interassay precision was 100% and intra-assay precision was 100%.
Reportable Range:
This is a qualitative assay and results are reported as negative or positive for targeted adenovirus DNA.
1. Buckwalter SP, Teo R, Espy MJ, et al: Real-time qualitative PCR for 57 human adenovirus types from multiple specimen sources. J Clin Microbiol2011;50(3):766-771 doi:10.1128/jcm.05629-11
2. Ebner K, Pinsker W, Lion T: Comparative sequence analysis of the hexon gene in the entire spectrum of human adenovirus serotypes: phylogenetic, taxonomic, and clinical implications. J Virol 2005;79:12635-12642
3. Ebner K, Suda M, Watzinger F, Lion T: Molecular detection and quantitative analysis of the entire spectrum of human adenoviruses by a two-reaction real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3049-3053
4. Jothikumar N, Cromeans TL, Hill VR, et al: Quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection of human adenoviruses and identification of serotypes 40 and 41. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:3131-3136
5 . Robinson C, Echavarria M: Adenovirus. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Edited by PR Murray, EJ Baron, JH Jorgensen, et al: Ninth edition. Washington, DC, ASM Press, 2007, pp 1589-1600
6. Thavagnanam S, Christie SN, Doherty GM, et al: Respiratory viral infection in lower airways o asymptomatic children. Acta Paediatr Mar;99(3):394-398
7. Kaneko H, Maruko I, Iida T, et al: The possibility of human adenovirus detection in the conjunctiva in asymptomatic cases during a nosocomial infection. Cornea Jun 2008;27(5):527-530
Respiratory, swab, stool, tissue, and urine samples were
Monday through Friday
This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
87798
Test Id | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
LADV | Adenovirus PCR | 39528-5 |
Result Id | Test Result Name |
Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
|
---|---|---|
SRC65 | Specimen Source | 31208-2 |
89074 | Adenovirus PCR | 39528-5 |