Test Id : BAMRP
Bile Acids Malabsorption Panel, Serum and Feces
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Aiding in the evaluation of patients suspected of having chronic diarrhea symptoms due to bile acid malabsorption
Profile Information
A profile is a group of laboratory tests that are ordered and performed together under a single Mayo Test ID. Profile information lists the test performed, inclusive of the test fee, when a profile is ordered and includes reporting names and individual availability.
Test Id | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
---|---|---|---|
7AC4 | 7AC4, Bile Acid Synthesis, S | Yes | Yes |
BAMRF | Bile Acid, Malabsorption, F | No | Yes |
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
For information see Bile Acid-Associated Tests Ordering Guide.
Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test
Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
Bile acid malabsorption
Fecal bile acids
Fecal bile salts
Fractionated Bile Acids
Stool bile acids
Stool bile salts
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
For information see Bile Acid-Associated Tests Ordering Guide.
Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing
Fecal
Serum
Ordering Guidance
This test is for evaluation of bowel dysfunction.
For evaluation of hepatobiliary dysfunction, order BILEA / Bile Acids, Total, Serum.
For evaluation of patients treated with urso or cholate, order BAFS / Bile Acids, Fractionated and Total, Serum.
For evaluation of inborn errors of metabolism, order BAIPD / Bile Acids for Peroxisomal Disorders, Serum.
For confirmatory testing for bile acid malabsorption using a 48-hour fecal collection, order BA48F / Bile Acids, Bowel Dysfunction, 48 Hour, Feces
Shipping Instructions
Feces and serum should be shipped together. Specimens shipped separately may delay testing.
Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing
Both feces and serum specimens are required.
It is preferred that both specimen types be collected on the same day, but up to 3 days apart is acceptable.
Patient Preparation:
1. For serum collection: Patient must fast for at least 12 hours prior to collection; fasting morning specimen is preferred.
2. The patient should not use:
a. Antibiotics for 7 days before specimen collection
b. Statins for 5 days before specimen collection
c. Laxatives (particularly mineral oil and castor oil) for 3 days before or during specimen collection
d. Bile acid sequestrants for 24 hours before specimen collection
e. Synthetic fat substitutes (eg, Olestra) or fat-blocking nutritional supplements for 24 hours before specimen collection.
3. If the patient has used barium, it is recommended to wait at least 48 hours before collecting the feces specimen.
Specimen Type: Serum
Supplies: Sarstedt Aliquot Tube, 5 mL (T914)
Collection Container/Tube:
Preferred: Serum gel
Acceptable: Red top
Submission Container/Tube: Plastic vial
Specimen Volume: 1 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Centrifuge and aliquot 1 mL of serum into a plastic vial.
2. Send specimen frozen.
Specimen Type: Feces
Supplies: Stool Container, Small (Random), 4 oz (T288)
Container/Tube: Fecal container
Specimen Volume: 5 g
Collection Instructions:
1. Collect a loose, unpreserved, random fecal specimen.
2. Freeze immediately.
Additional Information:
1. The patient may store specimen at refrigerate temperature during the collection period, but it should be frozen immediately after completion.
2. If additional tests are ordered, aliquot and separate sample prior to freezing to allow 1 container per test.
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test
Forms
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Gastroenterology and Hepatology Test Request (T728) with the specimen.
Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the testing laboratory. The minimum volume is sufficient for one attempt at testing.
Feces: See Specimen Required; Homogenized feces: 1 mL; Serum: 0.5 mL
Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected
Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included
Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
---|---|---|---|
Fecal | Frozen | 30 days | |
Serum | Frozen (preferred) | 90 days | |
Ambient | 24 hours | ||
Refrigerated | 72 hours |
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Aiding in the evaluation of patients suspected of having chronic diarrhea symptoms due to bile acid malabsorption
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
For information see Bile Acid-Associated Tests Ordering Guide.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released into the digestive tract where they function to emulsify dietary fats and facilitate lipid absorption in the small intestine. The majority of bile acids are reabsorbed in the ileum of the healthy individual, with only 5% excreted in feces.(1)
The synthesis of bile acids in the liver is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism from the bile acids reabsorbed from the intestine. 7Alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7aC4) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway of cholesterol to bile acids. Primary bile acids cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) are deconjugated and dehydroxylated via intestinal bacteria into secondary bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), respectively.(2) The sum of CA, CDCA, DCA, LCA, and ursodeoxycholic acid composes the majority of bile acids in the feces. The concentration of 7aC4 in serum is a surrogate for the amount of bile acid synthesis in the liver. There is some diurnal variation in 7aC4 serum concentrations, so measurement should be performed on a fasting morning sample.
Patients with increased bile acid in their stool suffer from chronic diarrhea, termed bile acid diarrhea (BAD). Approximately 10% to 33% of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) have BAD. Additionally, BAD has been identified as a contributor of diarrhea in other conditions such as irritable bowel disease, Celiac disease, microscopic colitis, and neuroendocrine tumors.(3) Identifying patients with BAD can be done by measuring total and fractionated bile acids in stool. The increased bile acids in feces can be caused by an inability to reabsorb bile acids in the terminal ileum. The loss of intestinal reabsorption leads to increase synthesis of bile acids in the liver. Recent studies have shown that serum concentrations of 7aC4 are elevated in patients with BAD. Several intestinal diseases or functional abnormalities can lead to BAD. Identification of these patients can influence treatment decisions that could include the use of bile acid sequestrants. Conversely, patients with IBS with constipation (IBS-C) may have lower circulating 7aC4 as compared to healthy individuals.
The definitive test in the United States for BAD is the 48-hour stool bile acids test (BA48F / Bile Acids, Bowel Dysfunction, 48 Hour, Feces). However, given the challenge of a 48-hour specimen collection, a random stool collection can be used in combination with the results from serum 7aC4 testing. From a random stool collection, only the percentage of primary bile acids can be reported. Internal studies have shown that a combination of serum 7aC4 result above 52.5 ng/mL and primary fecal bile acid result above 10% is 66% sensitive and 95% specific for bile acid malabsorption.(4)
Quantitation of fecal bile acids aids in screening for BAD and identifying patients with chronic diarrhea who may benefit from bile acid sequestrant therapy.
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
BILE ACID MALABSORPTION, FECAL:
> or =18 years:
Sum of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid: < or =10.0%
7AC4, BILE ACID SYNTHESIS, SERUM:
2.5-63.2 ng/mL
Reference values have not been established for patients who are younger than 18 years of age.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
When serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one results are above 52.5 ng/mL and primary fecal bile acid results are above 10%, this test is 66% sensitive and 95% specific for bile acid malabsorption.
Pharmacological treatment with bile acid sequestrants has been shown to improve symptoms in some patients.
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Bile acids are not stable in fecal specimens.
Bile acids in a random stool sample should only be used in combination with a result of fasting serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one.
Serum and fecal specimens should be collected, ideally, on the same day, or, at maximum, up to three days apart.
Supportive Data
Internal studies have shown that a combination of serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one results above 52.5 ng/mL and primary fecal bile acid results above 10% is 66% sensitive and 95% specific for bile acid malabsorption.
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M, Chedid V, et al. Analysis of fecal primary bile acids detects increased stool weight and colonic transit in patients with chronic functional diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(5):922-929.e2
2. Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M: Current practice in the diagnosis of bile acid diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:(5):1233-1238
3. Vijayvargiya P, Gonzalez Izundegui D, Calderon G, et al. Increased fecal bile acid excretion in a significant subset of patients with other inflammatory diarrheal diseases. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(6):2413-2419. doi:10.1007/s10620-021-06993-5
4. Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M, Taylor A, Busciglio I, Loftus EV Jr, Donato LJ: Combined fasting serum C4 and primary bile acids from a single stool sample to diagnose bile acid diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(5):1952-1954.e2
5. Duboc H, Rainteau D, Rajca S, et al. Increase in fecal primary bile acids and dysbiosis in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24(6):513-520, e246-7
6. Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M, Shin A, Saenger A. Methods for diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption in clinical practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1232-1239
7. Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M, Carlson P, et al. Performance characteristics of serum C4 and FGF19 measurements to exclude the diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea in IBS-diarrhoea and functional diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(6):581-588. doi:10.1111/apt.14214
8. Camilleri M, Nadeau A, Tremaine WJ, et al. Measurement of serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (or 7AC4), a surrogate test for bile acid malabsorption in health, ileal disease and irritable bowel syndrome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(7):734-743
9. Wong BS, Camilleri M, Carlson P, et al. Increased bile acid biosynthesis is associated with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(9):1009-1015.e3
Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
Fractionated fecal bile acids are quantified in a random fecal collection. Samples are analyzed on a tandem mass spectrometer.(Unpublished Mayo method)
7Alpha-hydroxy-cholesten-3-one (7aC4) is extracted from the sample. After addition of a deuterium-labeled 7aC4 internal standard, 7aC4 is measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.(Donato LJ, Lueke A, Kenyon SM, Meeusen JW, Camilleri M. Description of analytical method and clinical utility of measuring serum 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7aC4) by mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem. 2018;52:106-111)
PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information
Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.
Wednesday
Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.
Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test
Fees :
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.
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- Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.
Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.
CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.
82542 x2
LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.
Test Id | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
BAMRP | Bile Acid Malabsorption Panel | 104027-8 |
Result Id | Test Result Name |
Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
|
---|---|---|
65504 | 7AC4, Bile Acid Synthesis, S | 94866-1 |
619971 | Bile Acid Malabsorption Panel Interpretation | 59462-2 |
620308 | Bile Acids, % CDCA + CA, F | 103710-0 |