Test Catalog

Test Id : BTDZ

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Biotinidase Deficiency, BTD Full Gene Analysis, Varies

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Overview

Test Catalog

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Second-tier test for confirming biotinidase deficiency (indicated by biochemical testing or newborn screening)

 

Carrier testing of individuals with a family history of biotinidase deficiency, but disease-causing mutations have not been identified in an affected individual

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Amplification and DNA sequencing are utilized to test for the presence of a mutation in the BTD gene.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification/DNA Sequencing

NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.

Yes

Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test

BTD Gene, Full Gene Analysis

Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching

BTDMS

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Amplification and DNA sequencing are utilized to test for the presence of a mutation in the BTD gene.

Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing

Varies

Shipping Instructions

Specimen preferred to arrive within 96 hours of draw.

Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing

Patient Preparation: A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. Call 800-533-1710 for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.

Specimen Type: Whole blood

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA) or yellow top (ACD)

Acceptable: Any anticoagulant

Specimen Volume: 3 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. Invert several times to mix blood.

2. Send specimen in original tube.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Forms

1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available in Special Instructions:

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing-Spanish (T826)

2. Molecular Genetics: Biochemical Disorders Patient Information (T527) in Special Instructions

Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the Testing Laboratory

0.5 mL

Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected

All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Varies Ambient (preferred)
Frozen
Refrigerated

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Second-tier test for confirming biotinidase deficiency (indicated by biochemical testing or newborn screening)

 

Carrier testing of individuals with a family history of biotinidase deficiency, but disease-causing mutations have not been identified in an affected individual

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Amplification and DNA sequencing are utilized to test for the presence of a mutation in the BTD gene.

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test

Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disease caused by reduced levels of biotinidase, an enzyme that recycles biotin by releasing it from its metabolic product, biocytin, or exogenous dietary proteins. Biotin is a vitamin that serves as a coenzyme for 4 carboxylases that are essential for amino acid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis. Depletion of free biotin reduces carboxylase activity, resulting in secondary carboxylase deficiency. Depending on the amount of residual biotinidase activity, individuals can have either profound or partial biotinidase deficiency. Age of onset and clinical phenotype vary among individuals. Profound biotinidase deficiency occurs in approximately 1 in 137,000 live births and partial biotinidase deficiency occurs in approximately 1 in 110,000 live births, resulting in a combined incidence of about 1 in 61,000.

 

Untreated profound biotinidase deficiency (<10% of normal biotinidase activity) manifests within the first decade of life as seizures, hypotonia, neurosensory hearing loss, respiratory problems, and cutaneous symptoms including skin rash, alopecia, and recurrent viral or fungal infections. Among children and adolescents with profound biotinidase deficiency, clinical features include ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, developmental delay, and eye problems such as optic neuropathy leading to blindness. Partial biotinidase deficiency (10%-30% of normal biotinidase activity) is associated with a milder clinical presentation, which may include cutaneous symptoms without neurologic involvement.

 

Treatment with biotin has been successful in both preventing and reversing the clinical features associated with biotinidase deficiency. As a result, biotinidase deficiency is included in most newborn screening programs in order to prevent disease. Biotinidase deficiency exhibits a similar clinical presentation to carboxylase and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Therefore, measurement of the biotinidase enzyme is required to differentiate between these diseases and ensure proper diagnosis. Newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency involves direct analysis of the biotinidase enzyme from blood spots obtained shortly after birth. This enables early identification of potentially affected individuals and quick follow-up with confirmatory biochemical and molecular testing.

 

Biotinidase deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, caused by mutations in the biotinidase gene (BTD). The carrier frequency for biotinidase deficiency in the general population is about 1:120. Several common mutations in the BTD gene have been identified, accounting for about 60% of affected individuals. Sequencing of the entire BTD gene detects other, less common, disease-causing mutations. While genotype-phenotype correlations are not well established, it appears that certain mutations are associated with profound biotinidase deficiency, while others are associated with partial deficiency.

 

The recommended first-tier test to screen for biotinidase deficiency is a biochemical test that measures biotinidase enzyme activity, either newborn screening or BIOTS / Biotinidase, Serum. Molecular tests form the basis of confirmatory or carrier testing. Individuals with decreased enzyme activity are more likely to have 2 identifiable mutations in the BTD gene by molecular genetic testing.

Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.

An interpretive report will be provided.

Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results

All detected alterations are evaluated according to American College of Medical Genetics recommendations.(1) Variants are classified based on known, predicted, or possible pathogenicity and reported with interpretive comments detailing their potential or known significance.

Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances

A small percentage of individuals who are carriers or have a diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency may have a mutation that is not identified by this method (eg, large genomic deletions, promoter mutations). The absence of a mutation, therefore, does not eliminate the possibility of positive carrier status or the diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency. For carrier testing, it is important to first document the presence of a BTD gene mutation in an affected family member.

 

In some cases, DNA alterations of undetermined significance may be identified.

 

Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Errors in our interpretation of results may occur if information given is inaccurate or incomplete.

 

Rare polymorphisms exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.

Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature

1. Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, et al: Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 2015 May;17(5):405-424

2. Kaye CI, Committee on Genetics, Accurso F, et al: Newborn screening fact sheets. Pediatrics 2006 Sep;118(3):e934-963

3. Moslinger D, Muhl A, Suormala T, et al: Molecular characterization and neuropsychological outcome of 21 patients with profound biotinidase deficiency detected by newborn screening and family studies. Eur J Pediatr 2003 Dec;162 Suppl 1:S46-49 Epub 2003 Nov 20

4. Nyhan WL, Barshop B, Ozand PT: Multiple carboxylase deficiency/biotinidase deficiency. In Altas of Metabolic Diseases. Second edition. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005 pp 42-48

5. Wolf B, Jensen KP, Barshop B, et al: Biotinidase deficiency: novel mutations and their biochemical and clinical correlates. Hum Mutat 2005 Apr;25(4):413

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference

Bi-directional sequence analysis is performed to test for the presence of a mutation in all coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the BTD gene.(Unpublished Mayo method)

PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information

No

Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.

Varies

Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.

14 to 20 days

Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test

Rochester

Fees
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.

  • Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
  • Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • Prospective clients should contact their Regional Manager. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.

This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.

CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.

81404-BTD (biotinidase) (eg, biotinidase deficiency), full gene sequence

LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.

Test Id Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
BTDZ BTD Gene, Full Gene Analysis 94242-5
Result Id Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
53463 Result Summary 50397-9
53464 Result 82939-0
53465 Interpretation 69047-9
53466 Additional Information 48767-8
53467 Specimen 31208-2
53468 Source 31208-2
53469 Released By 18771-6

Test Setup Resources

Setup Files
Test setup information contains test file definition details to support order and result interfacing between Mayo Clinic Laboratories and your Laboratory Information System.

Excel | Create a PDF

Sample Reports
Normal and Abnormal sample reports are provided as references for report appearance.

Normal Reports | Abnormal Reports

SI Sample Reports
International System (SI) of Unit reports are provided for a limited number of tests. These reports are intended for international account use and are only available through MayoLINK accounts that have been defined to receive them.

SI Normal Reports | SI Abnormal Reports